Sithiwili : a thought for life

is;sú,s - Ôúf;ag w;jYH is;sú,a,la

uf.a u;lhg wkqj kï is.aukaâ f*%dhsâ is; lshk tl wxY ;=kla hgf;a ú.%y l,d bâ  Bf.da iqm¾ Bf.da jYfhka 

iuyr is;sú,s wfhl=f.a Th lshk fldhs ;ekska Wk;a wjÈjkak mq¨jka 

ñksiaiqkaf.a is;sú,s iuyr fj,djg Èh wNHka;rfha fkd/fok rn¾ fnda,hla jf.a 

iuyr is;sú,s úYd, .,la neo, j;=f¾ .s,a,jmq hïlsis jia;=jla jf.a Wvg tkafka keye 

tfyu ke;skï ld,dka;rhla hg fj,d ;sì,d Wvg u;=fjk tfyu ke;akï flfkla úiska fidhd u;=lr.kak fohla jf.hs

iuyr is;sú,s úksúo fmak ùÿre j,ska ksuejqkq hul Tnd ;sfnk fohla jf.hs

;j;a is;sú,s ;sfhkjd wÿre ùÿre od,d ;snqk wr biair Ndú;h ;ykï lrmq jdyk wNHka;rh jf.a  

;j;a is;sú,s ,drf.a yß chiQßhf.a yfha myrla jf.hs

is;sú,s.ek ksula ke;sj l;d lrkag mq¨jka j. Tn okakjd

is;sú,a,l yeá tfyuhs

fydo is;sú,s wms fldhsldg;a wrf.k tkafk i;=g ñila fjk fohla fkfuhs

ixialdßld ………………

iuyr is;sú,s yßu .S;j;a tfyu fkao?

tÙjÙ chfldä uy;auhd .hk fï .S;fha f.ah mo rplhd isrs,a iurfldka

Bg uf.a is;sjs,s ud l=ug tlalrkako .Sfha yeufoau ,shjs,d ;sfhkfldg    

lerflk frdafoa mqxÑ lr;af;a bof.k uu bkafka mÈl fúÈld miqlr hkakg ;,a¨lrka mq;=fka

;,a¨lrka mq;=fka

levqkq mdjyka hq. ksujd,d

ojfia úhou ißlrjd,d

wÿr jefgkkag l,sfhka f.org ;,a¨lrka mq;=fka

lsßleá fowf;a iún, Èhfõ mud jqfkd;a wms uyu. ;ksfú

wñud u. we;s fk;a o,ajdf.k ;,a¨lrka mq;=fka

lerflk frdafoa mqxÑ lr;af;a bof.k uu bkafka mÈl fúÈld miqlr hkakg ;,a¨lrka mq;=fka

jHdmdr

mdrj,a .ek l:d lrkfldg uf.a ueIska tlg tk mdrj,a f.dvla ;sfhkjd' uq,skau wä mdr' Bg miafia uu ±ka ál ldf,l boka wdY%h lrk lïuq,a mdr' b;ska fldfydu Wk;a jHdmdr;a Th w;f¾ ;sfhkj'

jHdmdr iïnkaO b;sydih ukqiaihf.a b;sydih ;rï merKshs'

jHdmdr w;f¾ uy mßudK jHdmdr uOHu mßudKfha jHdmdr iq¿ mßudKdfha jHdmdr Th fldhsl;a ;sfhkjd

Y=ø fyda id¾j uÜgfï jHdmdr;a fï rfÜ ;sfhkag b;sß fjkag ´fk'a yeuodu;a jHdmdr iïnkaOfhka wmsg ´kE foa ksuejqu w;ska wkqkag w;mdkag wmsg neyefka

iuyre ;ukag uõmsh Wreufhka tk jHdmdr lrka bkakj iuyre lÜáhla tlal tlaldiq fj,d yß ;ks ;ksfhka yß jHdmdr mgka .kakj iy mgka werka ;sfhkjd

b;ska ta by;ska ioyka l, jHdmdr wms ljqre;a okak jHdmdr iy jHdmdr lsõju fvdax .d,d ys;g tk jHdmdr

ldka;djka ;ukaf.a whs;Ska oskd .kag lrmq ldka;d igka jHdmdr Th w;fra b;sydih mqrd ;snqk igka jHdmdr w;fra ;ek;a oskd .kakjd

fykars f*daÙ,f.a jHdmdr nsus j, iuyr igka jHdmdr j,g f;da;ekakla Wkdg wdishd;sl ldka;djka iuyr foaj,a oskd .;af;a ksyv igka u.ska lsh, ug ysf;kjd
 
ldka;djkag;a msrsuska yd iu jegqma fokag Tsfka lshk tl tl yd Y%u odhl;ajhla iemfhk wjia:djl ldka;djka igka lr, ;uhs oskd .;af;a ta;a wo fjkfldg bo, ysg,d jegqma .ek jsjsO l;d ;ju;a f,dafla mqrd wmsg wefhkag .kakj

tfyu fj,djg ug ysf;kjd wms oskd f.k ;sfhkafka iusmqraK osKqula o lsh,;a 

jegqma .ek js;rla fkfuhs ldka;djkag irajck Pkao whs;sh jf.a foaj,a ldka;djka oskd .;af;a igka j,ska

iuyr foaj,a wmsg wfjs hqfrdamfhka lsjsfjd;a ksjeroshs
uu tfyu lshkafka iuyr foaj,a wfma iucfha ldka;djka lf,a wfma iudc ixialD;sl ixoraNh we;=f,a ldka;d N+usldj ksrsjpkh fj,d ;snqk wdldrhg 

mjq, lshk ixia:dj we;=f,a yeu N+usldjlau ksrajpkh fj,d ;snqk l%uhla ;snqk wdishd;sl iudch ;=<      

iuyr iudc.; ks;s rs;s yskaod f,dafla iuyr iudc j, ke;s jsosyg mjq, lshk tallh wdishd;sl iudch ;=< ta lreKq w;fra tla;rd wdldrhlg wdrlaId fj,d ;snqk lsh, ug ysf;kjd

fldfydu Wk;a ldka;djkaf.a idusm%odhsl N+usldfjka Tnsng hqfrdamfha js;rla fkfuhs wdishd;sl ldka;dj;a bosrshg .syska

oeka tys lsisu fjkila olakg ke;s ;rus

ta;a wog;a mjq, lshk tallh wdralaId lr.kak ldka;dj oevs igkla lrk j. uu igyka lrkag leu;shs

t;a ldka;d jsuqla;sh lshk tl msrsuskaf.ka yqol,d jqk f,dalhl ,nd f.k we;s jevla kE 

ldka;d meje;aug cSj jsoHd;aul jYfhka .;al, jra.hdf.a meje;aug Th ldka;d msrsus fomdraYajhu Tfka lshk tl iuyr fkdak, bo, ysg, wu;l lrkjd 

msrsus jra.hd;a .eyeKq jra.hd;a mj;skag fomdraYajfhau iyfhda.h tlsfkldg wjYH j. we;a;la gshqns fnsns ixl,amh Wk;a M, orkag mq,qjka t;fldg lsh,hs ug ysf;kafka
 

b;ska Th fldhs jHdmdr  .;a;;a iuyre Th by;ska ioyka lrmq jHdmdr lrkag okafka kE'  ta Wkdg ksoyia igka jHdmdr lrkag okakj urejg'

ksoyia igka jHdmdr iuyr úuqla;s igka jHdmdr tlal .,mkag nE jf.au .e,fmkafka kE

fya;=j ;uhs tajfha wruqKq j, ;sfhk mriamr úfrdaêNdjh

WodyrK jYfhka wiQj oYlfha uq,aNd.h ú;r jkúg furg mgka .;a; ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK jf.a igka jHdmdr jf.a jHdmdr .kak mq¨jka

tjfha ;sfhkafka fjku fmkqula

tjdfha mgka .ekaug fya;=mdol jqkq fya;= fjkhs

tajfha l%ufõo j, ksoyia igka jHdmdr hk jpkd¾:fha .eífj,d ;sfhk yeu foau wvx.= jqfka keye

ta uf.a ±kSu

fjk;a w¾:l;k ;sfhkag mq¨jka

fmdÿfõ iEu ish¨ hk f.dkak fjkqfjka fjkqjg tla;rd fldgilf.a wvq ¨yqvqlï uqyqK ÿkak hï wioudk;d fya;=fjka Wm; ,o jHdmdr yeáhg wÿr .kag mq¨jka ta jf.a jHdmdr

t;fldg ye;a;Ej oYlfha w.Nd.h jkúg T¨j Wiaif.k l%ufhka iuia; ñksia m%cdjgu ydksldß w;sYh úkdYldß jHdmdrhl f,i t,s±lal fou< B,dï úuqla;s igka jHdmdrh ke;akï t,a à à B h wÿr .kag wÿf¾ w;m; .Ej;a ldgo neß

ta yeu jHdmdrhlgu jHdmdrh lshk ku tajfha yenE w¾:fhka Ndú;hg .eksu W.yg Wk;a tajd mgka .kak fldhs ljqre;a ;u ;ukafka jHdmdr j,g ta ku Ndú;hg reÑl;ajhla olajkjd

ksoyia igka jHdmdr .ek rfÜ b;sydih ke;akï l,dmfha b;sydih hqfrdamfha jHdmdr j, yevhg fmkqug jvd fjkia fjkafka wfma l,dmhg wdfõksl ft;sydisl iudc wd¾Ól ixialD;sl jf.au foaYmd,ksl uqyqkqjr yskaod' ta b;ska f,dafla wks;a rgj,a tlal ixikaokh lr, n,kfldg

ksoyia igka jHdmdr fi.aukaÜia l,dm ke;akï uÜgï lsysmhlg fno, l:d lrkag mq¨yka uf.a ±kSfñ yeáhg

;ukafka foaYh mri;=re Wjÿre j,ska fírd .ekSu ke;akï ;ukafka foaYfha wkkH;djhka tfyu ke;akï ;ukaf.a lKavdhfï wkkH;djh Wfoid werô jHdmdr .ek ys;=fjd;a; merKs b;sydifha bo,, ta ta rdcOdks hq. j,g fno, ys;=fjd;,a ksoyia jHdmdrhh lshk foa tys jr:udk w¾:h blaujd ±kg fmdÿfõ yefudau Ndú;dlrk w¾:h blaujd tfyu mgq fkdlr ys;=fjd;a, merKs b;sydi igka j, wms ±ka yÿkf.k ;sfhk ksoyia jHdmdrj, wlauq,a olskag mq¨jka

tfyu fkfuhs lsh, ysf;kafka ldgo

úúO wdl%uK w;f¾ ol=Kq bka§h wdl%uK wmsg wu;l lrkag nE ksoyi Wfoid tfyu ke;skï wfma lshk oE iqrlskag lrmq ygka .ek ys;,d n,kfldg

WodyrK ld,sx> ud>f.a fpda, md,k iuh 1017 - 1070 fjklka  

Bg tfrysj tg wNHka;rfhka t<sÿgq bka .e,jSu Wfoid mgka .;a igka jHdmdr ksoyia igka jHdmdr hg;g od,d ú.%y lrkag wmsg neß keye

Bg miafia wms ksoyia igka jHdmdr yÿk .kafka wms ±ka Ndú; w¾:fhka hg;a úð;jdohg tfrysj mgka .;a; jir .Kkdjla mqrd udkisl fukau ldhsl mSvdjkag ,lajqkq foaYshhka Bg tfrysj fm< .iajk ,o foaYfha ksoyi;a wNsudkh;a Wfoid lrk ,o jHdmdr

ta w;f¾ wd.ñl lKavdhñ l, fufyh wmg wu;l lrkag neye

b;sydih ;=, wms ta ish,a, wÿr .kakfldg wms Bg úúO kï fokjd yenehs tajfha uqLH 

wruqK fndfyda ÿrg tlhs

iuyre tjd ler,s yeáhg yÿkakkjd 1818 , 1948

ta w;f¾ 2009  wu;llrkag neye

tfy;a tal tfyu úh hq;= j.g lreKq f,dalhd bÈßfha yqjd olajk wh .ek wmg f;afrkjd

rgla we;=f,a we;sjk mri;=rkag tfrysj lrk ksoyia igka jHdmdr j,g wNHka;r ndOl meñKsu b;sydih mqrdu wms w;aÿgq fohla

tfyu fjkag fya;= yeáhg fmkqfka fmdÿ wruqKq j,g jvd fmdoa.,sl wruqKq biau;=úu nj;a fmakag ;snqkq fohla

igka mdjd §u ta w;ßka w;sYfhka meyeÈ,s fohla

mri;=re hk jpkh wms lv,d f;areï .kag yeÿfjd;a mr lshk tflka woyia fjkafka msgia;r lshk tl ;ukafka foaYhg msgia;r fjkag mq¨jka ;ukafka lKavdhug msgia;r fjkag mq¨jka

fï yeufoau mßaiaifuka f;areï .; hq;= fjkjd

;ukafka whg úreoaOj ;ukafka wh th wm flfia f;areï .; hq;= o th wms fjkqfjka wms hk w¾:hg mgyeks j. wm okakjd

tfyu fkao  

iuyre ;u ;ukafka jHmdr idOdrKslrKh lrkafka wjfndaOhlska Wk;a iuyrekg ta ms,snoj wjfndaOh w,am nj fmakjd

tla mqoa.,fhla uf.ka m%YaK lrd Thd,g fÊ ù mS tl;a tlal bkag mq¨yka Wkdkñ ta ldf,a Ôj;a jqkd kï wehs t,a à à tl;a tlal bkag neß lsh,

tfla f,dl= l;djla ;sfhk j. we;a; iuyre ys;kafka wdhqO Ndú;dlr wdl%uKYS,sj ñksiqka ;u ;ukag ´k úÈyg rfÜ kS;sh ish;g wrf.k ;uka md,kh lrkag hdu ñksiaiq ;u ;ukafka jHdmdrj, yevyqrelï tlal .,mkag n,kjd

tajd idOdrŒlrKh lrkag W;aiy orkjd tfyu lrk tfla je/oaola u;= lr.kag wmsg neß Tjqkf.a b,lal j, iqlaIu;dj wog;a fkdkeis ;sfhk yskaod

wog;a ish b,lal urd oud ke;s j. ug mq¨jks Tng iy;sl jkag ta ksid mgq foaYmd,kfhka w;añÈ Tfí oEia werf.k isáu jeo.;a hehs ud Tn ieug u;la lr isákag leu;shs

t,a à à h wdhqO w;ska ikakoaOj isá jHdmdrhla j. wms okakjd wo ;;ajh flnÿo

wehs ud tfia wikúg Tfí oEia Wv.sfha

mqÿu fjkag tmd

ta Ndú;fhys mqyqKqj ,enqjka

Tn ys;kafka Tjqka wl%Shhs lsh,

tal tfyu fkao

tfyu kï Tn uq,d fj,d j.hs ug ysf;kafka

tal äx.la me;a;lska ;sh,

fÊ ù mS h wrf.k ne¨fjd;a ta igka jHdmdrfha kshe,s wh tjlg isá rcfha w;awvx.=jg m;a jqkdu ta wh i;= wú wdhqO wdKavqj hg;g .;a;d

tal tfyu ke;sj w,a,mq rgg .syska fokafka kEfka' tal ´k W,ful=g f;afrkjd' t;fldg Th uq,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï tlal tjd f;areï .kag fjkafka fldfyduo@ wú w;ord .ekSug ñksiqkag we;s whs;sh wiSñ;h lshd±hs uu okafka kE

hqoafoa ldf,a wú .ek l;d l,d úúO whqßka ta .ek wmsg fydog u;lh

wmsg ´k wú wms ñ<os .;a;' wmsg ljqrej;a wrE ur, jfrka ;%ia;jdoh ke;s lrmka lsh, ta lsisu wdhqOhla fkdñf,a fokag ysff;ISjka;fhda ysáfha kE'

rfÜ iuia;h j,m,a,g .sh;a tod wms fjkqfjka ysáfha wms fjk tjqka fkfuhs

wo Th lE .yk tjqka t;fldg ufha ysf;a bmÈ,d ke;ej we;s tfyu ke;akï Wmamekafka rg cd;sh lsh, ,shú, we;af;a fjk fudlla yß tlla

t,a à à h g wú fokag Woúh ysáh ks¾f,daNSj tyd uq,af,ka fuyd uq,af,ka tajd .dkg ,enqk

±ka t;fldg ã,a .ek l;d lrk uy±k uq;a;,d ta yeu ã,a tlla .eku l:d fkdflrefjd;a 

wms mdrg neye, ta .ek l;d lrk tl l;d lrkjduhs

f,dafla mqrd lrla .yk wh ta .ek okakjd ìxl=Kavkag jvd

b;sydih lshakfka idlaIs jyx.= lrk ;ekla fkfuhs b;sydih lshkafka idlaIs tl;= fjk ;ekla

msgq fmr,, n,kag

rfÜ wdrlaIdjg rfÜ fiakêkdhlhska fyda fiakdLKav uq,slhska lrk lshk foa .ek fydhkag l,ska Bg úk lák tjqka lrk lshk foaj,a fydhkag ;ukafka yla;sh fhdokag Wkkaÿ fjkag ´fka' ùrfhla fjkag mq¨jka kslka jpk Ndú;d lsrfuka yß w¨;a fohla fydhx .sßh mqmamx lE .eySfuka fkfuhs lshk tl b;sydih idlaIs orkj

we;eï Woúh g ;sfhk fod<ÿl iuyr nvore wïu,gj;a kE iuyre bmÈ,d ;sfhkafka wo Bfha foaYmd,k nnd,  ta wh f;d;a; nnd, fjkag hkjd w;s;h wu;l lr,

iaffjÍ lshk jpkh fldhs ;rï .re .dïNSro lsh, n,kag' ta Wkdg  ia f,dma Wkdu fudkjo b;=re fjkafka

wj,do jHdmdrhla mgka .;a; kï .re;r ue;sÿks th mj;ajdf.k hd hq;af;a wj,do f.dv ke.Sfuka ñilafjk fldfyduo Tng th wu;l ù ke;ehs ud is;kag leu;shs

wj,do f.dvke.Sfuka tys meje;au ;SrKh fjkjd ke;skï tfyu jHdmdr lvka jefgkjd

tfyu ;uka mgka .;a jHdmdrhla lvd bysrjd.kag ljqo leu;s

b;ska tjeks jHdmdr idudðlhskag lrkag jev ;sfhkjd ;uka mgka .;a; jHdmdf¾ meje;au Wfoid

,íng ;shmq w; mqyq,g ;shkag jqk;a tfyu jHdmdßlhka melsf,kafka ke;s nj;a isysfha ;nd .ekSu jgkd j.hs ug ysf;akfka

Tn mgka .;a; jHdmdrh l=uk wruqKlska mgka .;a;;a tys uqLH wruqK bgq jQ miq Tng tfrysj m%ldY lrkakkaf.ka Tng ta .ek wjfndaOhla .; yelshs

Tn or Èh weoafoa ld fjkqfjkao

Tn fjkqfjka tys bvla ;sfhkag we;s foaYmd,kh hkq tjekakla uu;ajh hkq tys we;a;la

mrd¾:h hkq wruqKq j, jeä m%;sY;hla

we;euqka iïnkaOfhka th i;Hhla

ud lshjq hul wka;¾.;h .ek fkdys;d hula lshkakï

Tn fudkhï úfgl fyda Tfí lKavdhï i.fhla ksfhdackh lf,a ù kï Tfí lKavdhfï tl.;ajhlska f;drj Tng hula m%ldY l, yelso

uf.a ±kSu kï Tng tfia l, fkdyelshs

Tn lshk lrk ish¨ foa Tfí lKavdhfï wruqKq yd mEysh hq;=hs

tfia fkdjk úg Tn jyd jyd l, hq;=j ;snqfka fyda ;sfnkafka l=ulao tiekska th ksjerÈ fldg ck;dj bÈßfha ;eîu fkdjkafkao

th cv foaYmd,kh  tfia fkdjk foaYmd,kfhka fjkalr yÿkd .eksug wmg imhk b.shlao 

tfia fkdlrk Tn fom;a kfhla f,i ck;dj wÿr .kakjdg lsisu ielhla kE

WodyrK jYfhka Tn ckdêm;sjrKhg fyda fjk;a m<d;a ue;sjrKhg bÈßm;a fjkúg Tng iyh olajk wfhla lrk m%ldYhla ;=< Tnf.a m%;sm;a;s j,g mgyeksj hula ;snqfka ú kï fyda m%ldY lf,a ú kï Tn l, hq;af;a l=ula±hs l, hq;=foa ud by;ska b.s l,d uf.a ±kSfñ yeáhg

tfia kï tu ;k;=rg ;r. lrkakd yerekqfldg wka wh lshq iEu ish¨ foau n,rys; jk j. Tfí jHdmdßl {Kh wkqj meyeÈ,shs

ud th miq.sh ckm;sjrKh yd iïnkaO lrkakg leu;shs

ud fufia lshkafka mqj;am;l ud lshjq tla;rd m%ldYhla .ekhs

w.ue;s ;=ud tfyu lsõjg ckdêm;sjrKhg b,a¨fj isßfiak ckdêm;s ;=udfka

tfyu lshk ,oafoa ld úisakao m%shdor ck;dfjks tla;rd jHdmdrhl uq,slhd heehs wm yÿkd .kakd rdð; fiakdr;ak wud;Hjrhd

tfia kï ud by;ska ioykal, fndfyda lreKq jgyd .ekqug ta m%ldYh iEfyk j. Tng meyeÈ,s hehs ud úYajdI lrkakg leu;shs

Tn we;=¨ Woúh isßfiak uy;d yer ck;dj g lshQ ish,a, n,rys; jk j. Tng jegfykjdo

ta ish,a, ck;dj úiska ms,sfkd.; hq;=j ;snqkd fkdfõo

Tn tysÈ ck;dj uq,d l,d uÈjdg ±ka Tn lrkafkao thhs

Tfí Pkao jHdmrfha rej .=K bka ukdj iaMqgfjk j.hs bka meyeÈ,s jkafka

Tn Tng Pkao lS odylska Woú l, whg tfia lshkakg fhÿk ±hs is;d n,kag

wo Tn ork wud;H moúh ta fya;=fjka Tng ,enqkla weu;s ;=uks

  

.s,sySu 

ksjk f;la , Wm; hkq ksYaÑ; fohla jkakdla fuka ‘ .s,sySu;a’ w;sYh ksYaÑ; hula jkafkah

ish¨ ixialdr O¾ufhda kefik iq¨h

 

tfia jqj;a

mqrdK fjfyr úydr ixrlaIkfhys we;s jeo.;alu bj; ,sh fkdyelalS

tla w;lska th mqrd úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=jg fyda ixialD;sl wud;Hdxfha m%uqL ld¾HNdr hg;g .ekqko th iuia; cd;shl j.lSulS 

tla w;lska ud fufia fjfyr úydr f,i ioyka lr tye jeo.;alu ,>q l,d±hs isf;hs

´kEu wd.ñl isoaOia;dkhla iq/lSu ta ioyd j.lsj hq;= md¾Yaj j, j.lSula fjh

we;eï úydr fyda f,ka Ñ;% iq/lSu l,d udOHhkays kshq;= l,dlrejka fyda th úIhla jYfhka 

bf.k .kakd ore ±ßhka fjkqfjka muKla fkdj wm ieu fjkqfjka úh hq;a;ls

ta yryd wm ish,a,kag ±k Wf.kSug we;s oE fuf;lehs lshd lsj fkdyels h

b;sydifha we;eï ,sÅ; fyda tfia fkdjk mßÉfþo ;yjqre lsßu

tfiau ñksiqkaf.a ta taa jljdkqjdkq j, is;=ï me;=ï muKla fkdj l,d fl!I,Hhka f;areï .ekSu

wm l,dlrejkaf.a ksmqk;djhka bka t,s ±laùu wm ta ;=, Tmamq lrk f,dalh ;=, wm ysñlrf.k we;s ;ek ms,sno wjfndaOh ta lsisjla .ek mdrïnEug fkdj f,dalh ;=, ta ms,sno yeoEÍï lrk fndfyda whf.a ys;iqj msKsi jeo.;a fjhs

ixrlaIKh hkq th mej;s uq,sl ;;ajh úkdYfldg Bg fjk;a meyehka fyda yev;, tl;= lsßu fkdjk j. meyeÈ,sh

jir ish fldaá .Kkla merKs hula fj;akï tysÈ Ndú; j¾K ixfhdack ms,snoj;a tu Ñ;% iïm%odhka ms,sno ukd wjfndaOh;a fuysÈ hula ixrlaIkfhys,d jeo.;a fjhs  

lsishï j¾Khla Ndú;fhka l,dlrejd u;=lrkg ;e;a ±rE woyi fkdf;afrkafkl=g tu ldßh l, fkdyelsh 

bka .uHudk lrkakg fjr ±rE oE mKsúvhla fj;a kï ta ms,sno wjfndaOh th iqrlskakg fjr orkakd i;=úh hq;h

tysÈ ñksia Ñ;% fj;akï bka Tjqfkdjqka yeÈ i¨ms<s ms,sno l:dka;r bka Tmamqjk iudc ;rd;srï iudc m%fNao u;lr olajk fyhska wm wmg ´kE ´kE whqrska merKs hula fj;akï yev.eiaùu fyda ixrlaIkh l,fkdyelafla tfyhsks 

wm ta ms,snoj fjkodg;a jvd wjOdkh fokafka kï fydoh

by;ska we;af;a kqf.af.dv cqns,s lKqj wdikakfha foajd, mdr jsydr udjf;a Y%S jsch ux.,drdu jsydrfha is;=jush

<ud l;kaor

<ud idys;H hg;g <uhska úiska ms%h lrk Tjqka úiska jvd we,qï lrk fndfyda foa we;=,;a fjhs , m;fmd; i.rd iy ldjH ks¾udK ta w;r m%uqLh 

jr;udk <ud idys;H hkak fohdlrfhka j¾.SlrKh fjhs tkï   tys Ndú; Í;sh wkqj fyda <ud mdGlhdf.a jhia uÜgï wkqj

úúO W.;=ka <ud idys;H hkak úúO wldrhkag ú.%y lrk w;r by;ska olajk ,oafoa tla ú.%yhla muKs

Children's literature or juvenile literature includes stories, books, magazines, and poems that are enjoyed by children. Modern children's literature is classified in two different ways: genre or the intended age of the reader. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_literature

mKsúv ,nd §ug w;sYfhka M,odhs l%uhla f,ig <ud l;dkaor WÑ; j. ud úYajdI lrkafkah

<uhd ;=< fï yryd uefjk Ñ;a; rEm orejf.a ;d¾lsl yelshdjka mßl,amk Yla;sh u.ska ±Kqñ fldaK msßueÈu u.ska hñ hñ ;¾l f.dv k,kakg;a ta yryd wka wh m%Yak lrkakg; W;iql ùfuka ish ±kqñ uq¿ orejd úiska fmdaIKh lr.kq ,nhs

wd¾ Ô ú,shñia u.ska m%ldYh lrkakg fhÿk  Slave’s Friend jy,df.a ñ;=rd  keu;s jdr <ud i.rdj ms,snoj fudfyd;lg is; fhduq l,fyd;a th l=uk wruqKla Woid mnÈk ,oaola o hkj. meyeÈ,sh

tu i.rdj weußldkq jy,a úfrdaê iudch 1836 fjkqfjka m%ldYs; lD;shls The Slave’s Friend, children’s periodical published by R.G. Williams for the American Anti-Slavery Society (1836).

tjeks lD;s jy,a úfrdaê wdl,am orejka ;=< fmdaIKh lsßfuys,d ukd fufyhla bgq lrkakg we;s  j. meyeÈ,sh

tjeks idys;H lD;s wm iudch ;=, nyq,h

ck l;dka;r tat a hq.fhaÈ úúO idudÔh fyda ixialD;sl fjkialñ j,g k;=fjñka mrmqfrka mrmqrg orejkaf.ka orejkag m%Odkh lrkakg fhfok fohls

<uhskaf.a f,dalh ;=< jSrhka nyq,h fmd; m; lshùug fyda ,sùug fkdyels jljdkqj ;=< fkdorejka hula Wlyd .kakd wdldr lsysmhla fjhs

wka wh ksÍlaIkfhka

hula ms,snoj wka whf.ka m%YaK lsßfuka

ukia Ñ;% ujd .ekSfuka

mska;=r foi n,d tjeks oe lshùfuka

;uka Èú f.jk mßirh ;=, olsk fyda ks¾ñ; oE yryd

;ukg Y%jKh jk oE wdY%fhka

jeäysáhka weiqfrka

jeäysáhka Tjqka Wfoid f.d;d lshk fyda wka wh úiska rÑ; l;kaor  Tjqkg Y%jKh jkakg ie,eiaùfñ È 

iu jhia ldKavfha ore ore±ßhka yryd

<uhska úiska Tjqka ;=<ska t,solsk l;d ks¾udK tla mfilska ;nd jeäysáhka úiska orejka 

fyda fkdorejka fjkqfjka lshk l;dkaor ,shk mnÈk l;dka;r flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsßu w.fkah

todg jvd wo ;;ajh fydoh <ud idys;H fyda <ud l:dka;r fyda ta wdY%s; ks¾udK orejd fj; <x jqfha jkfmd;a l%uhg merekakka úiska orejd fj; <xl, oE yryd muKs

tfy;a tla;rd hq.hl§ fuh fjkia jqfha hehs lsj yelsh

isß;au,a ou l=udfrdaoh iqfodaiqÿ <ud ùr l;dka;r y|hd jeks <ud Ñ;%mg ufvd,aÿj hï hï hq.hkaysÈ orejd fjkqfjka orejka fmr±ßlrf.k ksuejqkq ks¾udK fm<ska lsysmhls fuysÈ ud w;ska u.yerekq oE ;sfnkakg mq¨jk u;lh Tiafia ud fuys hï hï oE igyka lsßu Bg fya;=jhs

we;euqka Bg fkdfm<ôug lreKq yeáhg yqjd olajk ,oafoa <ud idys;H fyda fmd; m; g fyd| fj<o m<la fkd;sîuh tfia fyhska w;euqka Bg Wlg,s njla olajkakg we;ehs wkqudk l, yelsh

flfia jqj;a m;fmd; uqøKfhys wjika b,lalh ,dN fkd,eîu hhs lsisfjl=g;a lsj fkdyelaflah Tjqka o Ôj;a ùu fiajl fiaúldjka kv;a;=j hkdÈ b,lalhkao ta ;=< fjhs

we;eï m%ldYlhska <ud ks¾udK /f.k .shúg ta m%;slafIam l, l;d Tn wid we;=jdg ielhla ke;

wo f,dalfha w;sYh m%n, rÑldjla ù isák fÊ fla frda,ska b;d úYd, jdr m%udKhla ;uka úiska ,shk ,o lD;Ska iu.ska m%ldYlhskaf.ka m%;slafIam jq rÑldúhls

Bg fya;= w;ßka tla fya;=jla jqfha wE m%isoaO rÑldúhla fkdùu;a <uhska hkq fldgila jYfhka .;al, m%udKfhka wvq ck.ykhla fmkajk fldgila ta wkqj n,k l, thskao m;fmd; lshjk fldgia fjka flrejo wvq uÜgul mj;sk fyhska m%ldYlhskag ta ks¾udK úl=Kd .ekSfï ÿIalr;d u;=jkakg yels fyhska tjeks wNsfhda. j,g uqyqK § ne,Sug we;euqka fkdleu;sh

tfia jqj;a ´kEu fohl u;msg muKla fkdj rgdj fjkia lsßugo ks¾udK Ys,amsfhl=g mq¨jk

wo wE f,dj Okj;au ldka;d rÑldjhs wef.a b,lal m%cdj jqfha ore ±ßhka jqj;a wef.a m;fmd; jeäysáhkao lshjk j. wm okS

wm i;= tjeks <uhska Wfoid ks¾udK ld¾Hfhys kshef,k mqj;a m;a i.rd m%ldYk wdh;k muKla fkdj rpl rÑldúhkao fjhs isì,a fj;a; isxy uy;añh;a cdklS iqßhnKavdr ta w;r kï lsysmhla muKs

orejd hkq ljfrlaoehs jgyd .ekau rplfhl= úiska w;Hka;fhkau l, hq;a;ls

ta ta jhia LdKav j, orejka ms,sno jegySu we;s úg Tjqka fjkqfjka ks¾udK lsßu myiqh

iajNdjfhka orejka miql, hq;= wjOSka ms,sno jegySula we;súg ish ud;Dls f;dard .ekSfñÈ jvd fydo b,lalhla we;sj th bgq lsßug rplhdg mq¨jk túg ish ks¾udK yryd orejkag jvd fydo fufyhla lsßug ksßudmlhdg yelsfjhs

orejka hkq jeäysáhka fkdjk fyhska Tjqka ieuúg úfYaI wjYH;d we;s Woúh fjhs tfia jqj;a we;eï orejka iqúfYAIS wjYH;d we;s orejkah Tjqkf.a f,dalh f.dvke.Su;a <ud idys;H rplhskaf.a j.lSfuka neyer fkdfjhs

jraOkh wvd, jq orejka – Ydrsrsjl fyda udkisl wl%usl;d oqn,;d iys; orejka g hula t;a;= .ekaùu myiq fkdjkakla j. isys ;nd f.k ish ks¾udK lsßu rplhd i;= ldßhlS

l;d rplhdf.a N+usldj by; lreKq ;=, we;s jeo.;alu ms,sno wjfndaOh we;sj ish ksßudK ldßfhys iersirsh hq;=h tfia fyhska ;uka úiska wduka;%Kh lrkg fhfokqfha l=uk jraOk mrdihlg wh;a orejkagoehs wjfndaOh jeo.;a

<ud uki hkq w;sYh isksÿ u,a fm;a;la fuka fud,leá jyd mqxÑ fohlska jqj;a bfrkakg yels ;ef,kakg yels fohla j. wm isys ;nd .; hq;=jkafkah

tfia fyhska orejkag ks¾udK lsßu w;sYh ne/reï myiq fkdjk j.lSï iys; fohla jkafkah 

l;dka;rhla orejkag f;darkakdf.a N+ñldj o fuysoS jeo.;a jk w;r Tjqka úiska o by; lreKq ish,a, ish wjOdkhg k;= l, hq;= jkafkah

orejkag wjYH idys;H wx.h fyda l:dka;r f;drkafkda lsysm fmd<lau fjhs

foudmshka orejf.a fmr mie,a .=rejrhd fyda .=rejßh jeäysáhka mqia;ld, ks<OdÍka hkdÈ f,i Tjqka j¾.fldg jgyd .ekau myiqh

Tjqka ;=< orejd hkq ljf¾o <ud uki l=uk miq;,hl msysáhd jq fohlao hk lreKq ms,snoj muKla fkdj <ud idys;H hkq ljrla±hs hk wjfndaOh o jeo.;a fjhs

l;d f;audjka f;drd .ekSfñÈ fndfyda úg rplhdf.a ±Kqu muKla fkdj a iudc ixialD;sl foaYmd,ksl miqìu Ôj;a jk jgmsgdj, l,dmh rg fyda .u Tyq úiska jeo.;alula fokakdjq oE f;audjka wdl,am is;=ñ me;=ñ hñ hñ wdldrhkag ;uka úiska mnÈk l;d ks¾udk j,g uqyq jkakg we;s bvlv fndfydah

WodyrK jYfhka rplhd Ôj;ajk mßirh l=, mx;s jeks iudc ia:drhk l%u mj;sk bka ñksiqka mSvdjg ,lajk iudchla kñ tfia;a ke;skñ jy,a fj<odu w.hk fldgia isák fyda bka mSä; ck fldgia Ôj;ajk mßirhla kñ rplhdf.a l;dkaor fyda ks¾udK wkkH;djh ;=< tu iudc jgmsgdjkays we;s hñ hñ yev;, ksrEms; jkakg mq¨jk

rplhdf.a l;d f;audjka ta wkqj ielfikakg mq¨jk Bg tys jeä bvlvla ;sfnkafkah

;uka úiska orejkag ,nd §ug hk mKsúvh l=ulao hkak u; ish l;dkaorh rplhd úiska f.dKq lrkq we;

by;ska ioyka lr, ,o w;a±lsñ úúO ud;%djkag wkqj Bg tlaldiq lrkq we;

l;dka;r lSu l,djlS' th l;dkaor ye§fuka fjkia jqjlS' ´kEu <ud idys;Hx.hla orejka fj; uqodyeÍfïÈ wkq.ukh l, hq;= ks;s hehs lshkjdg jvd Í;s mj;skafka hehs lsu fydoh

by;ska ioyka l, fldgia ish,a,u fuysÈ orejd yd .KqfoKq lrk iDcq Woúh jk fyhska ta ish,a, fuu .Khgo jefghs

flfia jqjo fuys§ orejkag fndfyda úg l;dkaor f;dard .ekSfñ bvlv ±kqu hkdÈ lreKq fya;=fjka w,am jk fyhska fndfyda ÿrg foudmshka fuys§ ish ±Kqu ish leue;a; u; ish orejdg wjYH l;dkaor lD;sh fyda ksßudKh fñ hehs ;SrKh lrkq ,nhs

tfia ke;fyd;a th foudmshka úiska orejkaf.a uq,a <udúh ixj¾Ok Woúlrejka tfia;a ke;fyd;a fmr mdie,a fyda m%d:ñl wOHdmkh ,nd fok .=rejreka fok Wmfoia u; fyda tfia;a ke;skñ Tjqka ks¾foaY lrkakdjq m; fmd; ,nd fokq ,nhs

orejkag <ud idys;H yryd tfia ke;fyd;a l;dka;r yryd hula ta;a;= .kajkakdf.a ke;fyd;a l;djla bosrsm;a lrkakdf.a N+ñldj ;=< mj;sk jeo.;alu .ekwjOdkh jeo.;a h

orejkag hula m%ldY lsßfñÈ ta;a;= .ekaùfñÈ ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= lreKq rdYshla fú hehs ug isf;hs

iqrx.kd l;d ck l;d ienE pß; l;d hkdÈ fldhs l%uhg mnÈk ,o l;d jqjo tys f;audj w;sYh jeo.;a fjhs

tysÈ tu pß; l;d l=uk miqìula l=uk jgmsgdjla ksrEmkh lrkafka±hs is;d ne,su kqjKg yqreh

tfia fyhska l;dkaorh orejka bosrsfha lshkakd ;=< mj;sk fl!I,Hka w;sYh jeo.;ah

Tyq fyda weh th orejkag mjik wdldrh kdgHdkqidrs ffY,sh we;eï úg orejd ish ±Kqu mßm; ilia lr.ekafï ldßfhoa miqld,Skj msájy,la lr .ekaug jqj mq¨jk

orejka ;=< ufkda rEm wefok whqrska Tjqkg th bosrsm;a lsrsug we;s yelshdj ldf,daÑ;h

orejkag tys ksrEms; mKsjsvh fok wdldrh

ta ;=< orejd rojd .eksfus ta ;=< cSj;a lrjsug we;s yelshdj jeo.;a h

jra;udkh jkjsg tu N+usldj fjk;a wh jsiska mjrdf.k we;s nj fmfkkafkah Bg iudc ixialD;sl fukau wdra:sluh lreKq n,mdkq we;

WodyrK jYfhka rEmjdysks pek,hka orejd ish Wl=,g f.k we;s njla we;eus jsg ug fmfkhs

Bg Tjqkg fodia ke.Su flfiaj;a l, fkdyelallS

fya;=j by;ska ioyka lreKQ mdol jS we;s w;r ta iudc wdra:sl jHqyh ;=< yqol,djq orejd iudcdkqfhdackh lr,Sfus j.lSfuka fldgyla ksrdhdifhka mejrSula fyda ldraHnyq, foudmshka tu ldraHhka rEmjdysks fravsfhda jeks Y%jH oDIH udOH fj; mjrd oSula isÿj we;af;ah

th Tjqka is;d u;d fkdlrkakla o tfia kus ys;du;d ta fj; mjrkaklao hkak jvd fydosk okafka foudmshka jqjo ta .ek hus meyeos,s ps;%hla ndysr iudch i;=jo mj;S

orejd jvd ms%h;djla olajkqfha l=uk mrdih we;s ksraudK flfryso hk j. fndfyda úg meyeos,sh ta wkqj hñka orejd bka wE;a lsßu m%dfhda.sl ÿIalr;d u;=lrjkakla kï l, hq;af;a orejf.a ukig ydks jk hula fj;a kï tjka oE bj;a fldg Bg orejd ;=< .=Kd;aul j¾Okhla we;s lrjk oE Bg tlafldg tys .=Kd;aul fjkila we;s lsßuh

wo iy tod orejd weiqre lrk oE w;rg my; ioyka foa o we;=,;ah

WodyrK jYfhka

ldgqka jevigyka tod youdud jevigyk lreKdr;ak wfnsfialr Y+rskaf.a jevigyk

j¾:udkfha iqr mmamhs fjo mmamhs jeks fjkia wdrla .;a l%uhkag orejka wdl¾IKh lrf.k we;s jevigyka lsysmhla uf.a is;g msisfihs

tod yd ieioSfusos wo orejd oDIH udOH fj; jeä keUqrejla we;s j. f;areï .ekaug wgqjd àld wjYH fkdjkafkah

tfia fyhska ps;a; rem ujd .ekSug we;s wjldY wvq js we;s w;r orejd ;ud oqgq fyda olsk rEmrduq yryd ish is;sjs,s fmdaIKh lr.kS tfia fyhska udf.a ±Kqu wkqj tys hï rsla;lhla mj;S 

th mqrjd,kakg <ud ks¾udK l=uk udOH yryd fyda orejd fj; ióm lrk wh i;= ldßhlS

tod t,a à à h jeks we;eï ixúOdk orejka yryd .KqfoKqfõ È orejd ish b,allh fldg .kakd ,oafoa fjk;a wdldr j,ska j. wm oksuq

<ud fid,aodÿjka lsisúfgl;a ish lKavdhfï wruqKq Wfoid orejka fufyh jqjd úkd Tjqka fmdaIKh lsßfï b,lal tys jqfha ke;

Tjqkf.a is;a ;=<g wka iudc fldgia ms,sno ffjrfha îc we;=,;a lrkakg fuu l,dj fhdod .;a  whqre m%ixiksh fkdjk j. wm oksuq

kej;;a tjka hq.hla fkdt,fôjdhs wm md%¾:kd lruq

ys;kag hula

fï mska;+r Tng lshkafka fudkjdo mq¨jkakï ys;kak wmsg;a lshkag